Chemical and Biological Treatment of Produced Water

Produced water (PW) is the largest waste stream of hydrocarbon production. PW is
present in a reservoir with hydrocarbon resource and bought to the surface with crude
oil or natural gas during onshore or offshore operations. Recently, due to its fate and
effect, discharging PW into water bodies has become a significant issue of
environmental concern and refineries that do not meet the requirement are no longer
permitted to discharge the produced water to coastal estuarine or marine water.
Therefore, it is vital to deal with produced water efficiently and cost effectively to
ensure compliance with the regulations.